ASEAN Climate & Carbon Management Domain

Indonesia introduced a hybrid carbon pricing system combining a carbon tax (Pajak Karbon) and emissions trading (Cap and Trade) under Article 13 of the Tax Harmonisation Law (Law No. 7/2021: UU HPP). In 2025, Government Regulation No. 110 (PP 110/2025) established a comprehensive regulatory framework for the operation of the Economic Value of Carbon (Nilai Ekonomi Karbon: NEK) and greenhouse gas emissions management. Under the cap-and-trade approach, emissions caps are set for specific sectors (such as coal-fired power plants), and any excess must be offset by purchasing emission allowances through the IDX Carbon exchange. Under the cap-and-tax approach, a carbon tax applies where allowances are not purchased or where the cap is exceeded. The tax rate is set at a minimum of Rp30/kg CO₂e (Rp30,000/tCO₂e), with adjustments possible according to market prices. The Carbon Unit Registry System (SRUK) has been introduced as a central management platform to ensure transaction transparency.

インドネシアでは2023年より国内ETS制度（環境林業省が制度運用を所管、取引自体は金融サービス庁＝OJKが監督するIDXCarbon取引所を通じて実施）が開始され、発電分野を中心に段階的に対象業種が拡大されています。

Singapore's Carbon Pricing Act (CPA), administered by the National Environment Agency (NEA), is Southeast Asia's first carbon taxation system, requiring large emitters (direct emission facilities) emitting 25,000 tCO₂e or more per year to pay a carbon tax. The tax started at S$5/tCO₂e when it took effect in 2019, but a phased rate increase roadmap has been set to achieve the 2030 climate targets: 2019–2023: S$5/tCO₂e 2024–2025: S$25/tCO₂e 2026–2027: S$45/tCO₂e 2030 target: S$50–S$80/tCO₂e From 2024, businesses are permitted to offset up to 5% of their tax liability using approved International Carbon Credits (ICCs).

Aiming to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, the Vietnamese government is developing a domestic Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) and carbon credit trading market under Article 91 of the amended Law on Environmental Protection (LEP 2020) and Decree No. 06/2022/ND-CP. The scheme primarily targets specific energy-intensive industries (such as steel, cement, and coal-fired power), and aims to move from a pilot phase starting in 2025 to full operation of an official carbon credit trading market in 2028. With support from international organisations including the World Bank, the free and paid allocation of greenhouse gas emission allowances and the establishment of trading mechanisms are being developed.

This is the core law for renewable energy deployment, administered by the Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA). The initial solar Feed-in Tariff (FiT) scheme has ended, and the framework has shifted toward self-consumption-based Net Energy Metering (NEM), Solar ATAP, and corporate PPA schemes as the main vehicles for sustainable renewable energy deployment.

Republic Act No. 11285 (Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act), administered by the Department of Energy (DOE), requires large-scale energy users to establish energy management systems, conduct energy audits, and submit annual reports.

Administered by the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE), this Act requires designated factories and designated buildings above a certain scale to appoint energy managers and to formulate and report energy management plans.

Administered by the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT), this Act took effect in 2011 and was substantially amended by Law No. 77/2025/QH15. It sets out requirements for major energy-consuming businesses regarding energy consumption intensity management, target achievement obligations, and energy-saving audit compliance.