Global Climate & Carbon Management

The Paris Agreement establishes a global framework for international cooperation on climate mitigation, adaptation, and climate finance. Its central aim is to strengthen the global response to climate change by limiting the rise in global average temperature, while enhancing resilience and supporting sustainable development. The Agreement requires Parties to prepare, communicate, and periodically update Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), supported by a transparency framework and a periodic Global Stocktake that assesses collective progress. Within the GRI Global Regulatory Framework, the Paris Agreement is positioned as a foundational international climate treaty underpinning many national and regional climate-related regulations. Regulatory Sub-Labels Global Applicability: Global Classification: Treaty Status (Legal Status): In Force Adopted on December 12, 2015 at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Paris Agreement entered into force on November 4, 2016. The Agreement serves as the primary international treaty guiding global climate action, implemented through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) submitted by Parties. Enforcement (Implementation Mechanism): The Paris Agreement is implemented through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), transparency reporting, and periodic Global Stocktakes conducted under the UNFCCC framework. While the Agreement does not impose direct legal obligations on companies, Parties implement its objectives through domestic legislation, regulations, and climate policy. Last Amended (Formal Amendment): No formal amendment. The Agreement has not been formally amended since adoption. Its operational rules have continued to develop through subsequent COP decisions, including the adoption of the Paris Agreement Rulebook and related implementation guidance. Governing Organization: UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)

The Montreal Protocol establishes an international legal framework to protect the ozone layer through the phase-out of ozone-depleting substances. Since its adoption, it has become one of the most successful multilateral environmental agreements, advancing global cooperation on chemical substance management and environmental protection. The adoption of the Kigali Amendment expanded the Protocol's scope to include the phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), linking ozone layer protection with global climate change mitigation efforts. As a result, the Protocol now plays a significant role in supporting international climate goals in addition to its original environmental protection mission. Within the GRI Global Regulatory Framework, the Montreal Protocol is positioned as a foundational international protocol for climate-related chemical substance management, while maintaining an important connection to broader environmental protection. Regulatory Sub-Labels Global Applicability: Global Classification: Protocol Status (Legal Status): In Force Adopted on September 16, 1987, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer entered into force on January 1, 1989. It is one of the most widely implemented international environmental agreements, establishing a global framework for the phased control of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). Through the Kigali Amendment (2016), the Protocol also incorporates the phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), strengthening its contribution to global climate change mitigation. Enforcement (Implementation Mechanism): The Montreal Protocol is implemented through national legislation, licensing systems, reporting obligations, and internationally agreed phase-out schedules for controlled substances. Parties are responsible for adopting domestic regulatory measures to meet the Protocol's commitments, supported by compliance procedures and international technical and financial assistance mechanisms. Last Amended (Formal Amendment): Kigali Amendment (2016). Adopted on October 15, 2016 and entering into force on January 1, 2019, the Kigali Amendment expanded the Protocol to include the phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which, while not ozone-depleting substances, have a significant impact on climate change. Governing Organization: UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)

The GHG Protocol establishes the world's most widely used framework for measuring, calculating, and reporting greenhouse gas emissions. It provides standardized methodologies that enable organizations to consistently quantify emissions across operations, value chains, products, and projects. The framework forms the methodological foundation for a wide range of climate-related reporting initiatives and disclosure requirements. It supports comparability, transparency, and consistency in corporate greenhouse gas reporting, while facilitating informed decision-making by regulators, investors, customers, and other stakeholders. Within the GRI Global Regulatory Framework, the GHG Protocol is positioned as a leading international greenhouse gas accounting framework supporting climate governance and sustainability disclosure. Regulatory Sub-Labels Global Applicability: Global Classification: Reporting Framework Status (Framework Status): Active The GHG Protocol is an internationally recognized greenhouse gas accounting and reporting framework jointly developed by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Since the publication of the Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard in 2001, the framework has expanded through additional standards and guidance covering value chain emissions, product life cycle accounting, project accounting, and other greenhouse gas reporting methodologies. The framework is continuously maintained and updated to reflect evolving business practices and regulatory expectations. Enforcement (Adoption Mechanism): The GHG Protocol does not impose legally binding obligations on organizations. It is voluntarily implemented by companies and is widely referenced by governments, regulators, stock exchanges, investors, and sustainability reporting frameworks. Many mandatory disclosure regimes and corporate reporting requirements incorporate or align with the GHG Protocol's methodologies. Last Amended (Latest Framework Version / Update): Continuously updated framework. The GHG Protocol is maintained through the regular publication and revision of standards, guidance documents, technical interpretations, and implementation-related materials. Rather than following a formal amendment procedure as with a treaty, the framework evolves through the ongoing methodological development led by WRI and WBCSD. Governing Organization: World Resources Institute (WRI) / World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)

ISO 14064 establishes internationally recognized requirements and guidance for the quantification, monitoring, reporting, and verification of greenhouse gas emissions and removals. The standard series supports organizations, projects, and verification bodies in producing reliable and comparable GHG information, providing a methodological foundation for organizational inventories, GHG reduction projects, and independent verification activities. Within the GRI Global Regulatory Framework, ISO 14064 functions as a foundational international technical standard supporting reliable climate-related measurement and carbon management practices. ISO 14064 complements reporting and disclosure frameworks by strengthening the technical reliability of GHG-related information used in corporate reporting, regulatory programs, and market mechanisms. Regulatory Sub-Labels Global Applicability: Global Classification: International Standard Status (Publication Status): Active ISO 14064 is an international standard series developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), setting out principles and requirements for the quantification, reporting, and verification of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals. The ISO 14064 series comprises three parts: ISO 14064-1: Specification and guidance for the quantification and reporting of GHG emissions and removals at the organization level ISO 14064-2: Specification and guidance for the quantification, monitoring, and reporting of GHG emission reductions and removal enhancements at the project level ISO 14064-3: Specification and guidance for the validation and verification of GHG statements The standard provides a globally recognized methodological foundation for reliable GHG measurement, reporting, and verification activities. Enforcement (Adoption Mechanism): ISO 14064 does not impose legally binding obligations at the international level. Organizations apply the standard voluntarily or through its incorporation into regulatory regimes, carbon programs, verification schemes, corporate reporting practices, and customer or market requirements. Adoption may be driven by government programs, assurance requirements, industry practice, and stakeholder expectations regarding reliable GHG information. Last Amended (Latest Edition / Revision): ISO 14064-1:2018 / ISO 14064-2:2019 / ISO 14064-3:2019. The ISO 14064 series is maintained through ISO's regular review and revision process. The current version registered in the GRI Global Regulatory Framework is the internationally recognized baseline version for GHG quantification, reporting, and verification. Governing Organization: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

国際司法裁判所（ICJ）は2025年7月23日、気候変動に関する国家の義務について勧告的意見を示しました。国連総会は2026年5月20日、この勧告的意見を歓迎し、各国にその義務の履行を求める決議A/RES/80/263を、賛成141、反対8、棄権28で採択しました。 ICJの勧告的意見は、国家には重大な環境損害を防止する義務や、気候システムを保護するために協力する義務があることなどを示しています。決議の直接の対象は国家であり、企業にScope 3開示義務を含む新たな直接の義務を課すものではありません。 この動きの重要性は、国家の気候政策・規制を支える国際法上の論拠が明確化されたことにあります。企業への影響は、各国が国内法や政策を設計する過程を通じて間接的に波及する「二段階目」にあります。

温室効果ガス排出枠取引制度（ETS）のリンケージとは、異なる管轄区域のETSを相互接続し、排出枠の融通を可能にする仕組みです。これにより市場の流動性が高まり、排出削減コストの低減と炭素価格の平準化が期待されます。主にEU-スイス間の連携が先行事例となり、今後は地域間協力の枠組みが拡大する見通しです。対象となるのは、電力、製造業、航空などのエネルギー集約型産業であり、企業のグローバルな排出管理戦略において、国境を越えた排出枠の調達とコンプライアンス対応が極めて重要となります。

CBAM（国境炭素調整措置）は、欧州連合（EU）が域内への輸入品に対して炭素コストを課す制度です。域内の環境規制により企業が国外へ生産拠点を移す「カーボン・リーケージ」を防ぎ、公平な競争条件を確保することが目的です。対象は鉄鋼、アルミ、肥料、セメント、電力、水素など広範なエネルギー多消費型産業に及びます。対象国からの輸入業者は、域内と同等の炭素価格を排出枠（CBAM証書）の購入により支払う必要があり、グローバルなサプライチェーンにおける脱炭素経営の適応が不可欠となっています。

国際エネルギースタープログラムにおける「イメージング機器（Imaging Equipment）」基準は、プリンター、複写機（コピー機）、複合機（MFD：Multi-Function Device）、スキャナー、FAXなどのオフィスOA機器に対する世界統一の厳格な省エネルギー適合基準です。 本基準の中核となるのが、オフィスにおける1週間の標準的な使用サイクル（稼働、スリープ、スタンバイ、電源オフ）を想定した消費電力量を測定する「TEC値（Typical Electricity Consumption：標準的消費電力量、単位：kWh/週）」の評価要件です。また、家庭用の低速機やスキャナー等に対しては、待機電力を個別に評価する「OM基準（Operational Mode）」が適用されます。 歴代のバージョンアップ（Version 1.0から最新のVersion 4.0）を通じて、TEC値の上限基準値（TEC Limit）は劇的に厳格化され続けており、複合機メーカーにおける製品設計・ソフトウェア制御の最重要指標となっています。